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Myndun neitunar og spurninga

Til eru tvær meginaðferðir til að mynda neitun og spurningu í ensku.

1. aðferð við myndun neitunar og spurninga

Þessari aðferð er aðeins beitt á fáar sagnir, sem eru þó langalgengustu sagnirnar í ensku. Þær eru kallaðar hjálparsagnir og/eða ófullkomnar sagnir:

Fallhættir			Persónuhættir
Nafnháttur	Lh. nt.	Lh. þt.	Nútíð	Þátíð
be	being	been	am, is, are	was, were
have	having	had	have, has	had
do	doing	done	do, does	did
			shall	should
			will	would
			can	could
			may	might
			must
			ought to
			need
			dare
				used to

• Neitun með hjálparsögnum og ófullkomnum sögnum er myndað með því að setja neitun (not) fyrir aftan persónuhætti sagnanna: He is English. (Jákvæð setning) He is not English. (Neitun)

• Spurning með hjálparsögnum og ófullkomnum sögnum er mynduð með því að flytja sagnirnar í persónuháttum fram fyrir frumlagið (gerandann) í setningunni: He is at home. (Jákvæð setning) Is he at home? (Spurning)

Dæmi um neitun og spurningu með öllum hjálparsögnum og ófullkomnum sögnum í persónuhætti

Nútíð - to be	Neitun	Spurning
I am, ég er	I am not	Am I?
You are, þú ert	You are not	Are you?
He is, hann er	He is not	Is he?
We are, við erum	We are not	Are we?
They are, þau eru	They are not	Are they?

Þátíð - to be	Neitun	Spurning
I was, ég var	I was not	Was I?
You were, þú varst	You are not	Were you?
He was, hann var	He was not	Was he?
We were, við vorum	We were not	Were we?
They were, þau voru	They were not	Were they?

Nútíð - to have	Neitun	Spurning
I have, ég hef	I have not	Have I?
You have, þú hefur	You have not	Have you?
He has, hann hefur	He has not	Has he?
We have, við höfum	We have not	Have we?
They have, þau hafa	They have not	Have they?

Þátíð - to have	Neitun	Spurning
I had, ég hafði	I had not	Had I?
You had, þú hafðir	You had not	Had you?
He had, hann hafði	He had not	Had he?
We had, við höfðum	We had not	Had we?
They had, þau höfðu	They had not	Had they?

Nútíð - to do	Neitun	Spurning
I do	I do not	Do I?
You do	You do not	Do you?
He does	He does not	Does he?
We do	We do not	Do we?
They do	They do not	Do they?

Þátíð - to do	Neitun	Spurning
I did	I did not	Did I?
You did	You did not	Did you?
He did	He did not	Did he?
We did	We did not	Did we?
They did	They did not	Did they?

Nútíð - shall og will	Neitun	Spurning
I shall, ég mun	I shall not	Shall I?
You will, þú munt	You will not	Will you?
He will, hann mun	He will not	Will he?
We shall, við munum	We shall not	Shall we?
They will, þau munu	They will not	Will they?

Þátíð - should og would	Neitun	Spurning
I should, ég mundi	I should not	Should I?
You would, þú mundir	You would not	Would you?
He would, hann mundi	He would not	Would he?
We should, við mundum	We should not	Should we?
They would, þau mundu	They would not	Would they?

Eftirfarandi ófullkomnar sagnir eru eins í öllum persónum:

Jákvæð setning		Neitun	Spurning
I can (nt.)	[kæn]	I cannot	Can I?
I could (þt.)	[kud]	I could not	Could I?
I may (nt.)	[mei]	I may not	May I?
I might (þt.)	[mait]	I might not	Might I?
I must	[mst]	I must not	Must I?
I ought to	[:t]	I ought not to	Ought I to?
I need	[ni:d]	I need not	Need I?
I dare	[d]	I dare not	Dare I?
I used to	[ju:st]	I used not to	Used I to?

Neitun, sem stendur með hjálparsögn eða ófullkominni sögn, er oft stytt í talmáli og óformlegu ritmáli, en neitun er ekki stytt með öðrum sögnum: isn't, aren't, weren't, mustn't, doesn't, oughtn't, hasn't, haven't, don't, wouldn't etc. Athugið að úrfellingarmerkið kemur í stað "o" sem fellur niður í not.

2. aðferð við myndun neitunar og spurninga

• Allar aðrar sagnir en hjálparsagnir og ófullkomnar sagnir mynda neitun í nútíð og þátíð með do (does - did) not og nafnhætti sagnanna: I know Henry. (Jákvæð setning) - I do not know Henry. (Neitun)

• Allar aðrar sagnir en hjálparsagnir og ófullkomnar sagnir mynda spurningu í nútíð og þátíð með do (does - did) not og nafnhætti sagnanna: He knows Henry. (Jákvæð setning) - Does he know Henry ? (Spurning)

Dæmi um neitun og spurningu í nútíð og þátíð með veikri og sterkri (óreglulegri) sögn

Nútíð - to dance	Neitun	Spurning
I dance	I do not dance	Do I dance?
You dance	You do not dance	Do you dance?
He dances	He does not dance	Does he dance?
We dance	We do not dance	Do we dance?
They dance	They do not dance	Do they dance?

Þátíð - to dance	Neitun	Spurning
I danced	I did not dance	Did I dance?
You danced	You did not dance	Did you dance?
He danced	He did not dance	Did he dance?
We danced	We did not dance	Did we dance?
They danced	They did not dance	Did they dance?

Nútíð - to know	Neitun	Spurning
I know	I do not know	Do I know?
You know	You do not know	Do you know?
He knows	He does not know	Does he know?
We know	We do not know	Do we know?
They know	They do not know	Do they know?

Þátíð - to know	Neitun	Spurning
I knew	I did not know	Did I know?
You knew	You did not know	Did you know?
He knew	He did not know	Did he know?
We knew	We did not know	Did we know?
They knew	They did not know	Did they know?

Dæmi um (óreglulega) sögn í öllum tíðum í germynd og þolmynd

nt.	He shakes, Hann hristir	He is skaking, Hann er að hrista	Germynd
	He is shaken, Hann er hristur	He is being shaken, Það er verið að hrista hann	Þolmynd
þt.	He shook, Hann hristi	He was shaking, Hann var að hrista	Germynd
	He was shaken, Hann var hristur	He was being shaken, Það var verið að hrista hann	Þolmynd
nlt.	He has shaken, Hann hefur hrist	He has been shaking, Hann hefur verið að hrista	Germynd
	He has been shaken, Hann hefur verið hristur		Þolmynd
þlt.	He had shaken, Hann hafði hrist	He had been shaking, Hann hafði verið að hrista	Germynd
	He had been shaken, Hann hafði verið hristur		Þolmynd
frt.	He will shake, Hann mun hrista	He will be shaking, Hann mun vera að hrista	Germynd
	He will be shaken, Hann mun vera hristur		Þolmynd
þfrt.	He will have shaken, Hann mun hafa hrist	He will have been shaking, Hann mun hafa verið hristur	Germynd
	He will have been shaken, Hann mun hafa verið hristur		Þolmynd
skt.	He would shake, Hann mundi hrista	He would be shaking, Hann mundi vera að hrista	Germynd
	He would be shaken, Hann mundi vera hristur		Þolmynd
þskt.	He would have shaken, Hann mundi hafa hrist	He would have been shaking, Hann mundi hafa verið hristur	Germynd
	He would have been shaken, Hann mundi hafa		Þolmynd

Nútíð: -(e)s í 3. persónu eintölu

Í jákvæðum setningum í nútíð enda allar sagnir nema ófullkomnar sagnir í 3. persónu eintölu á (e)s. Þegar (e)s er bætt við nafnhátt sagnanna, geta sömu ritbreytingar átt sér stað og við fleirtölumyndun nafnorða: come - comes; cut - cuts; wash - washes; try - tries; enjoy - enjoys; go - goes.

	Ófullkonmar sagnir			Allar aðrar sagnir
I	can	may	must, etc	am	have	come	cut	wash	try	enjoy	go
you	can	may	must, etc	are	have	come	cut	wash	try	enjoy	go
he, she, it	can	may	must, etc	is	has	comes	cuts	washes	tries	enjoys	goes
we	can	may	must, etc	are	have	come	cut	wash	try	enjoy	go
you	can	may	must, etc	are	have	come	cut	wash	try	enjoy	go
they	can	may	must, etc	are	have	come	cut	wash	try	enjoy	go

Nútíð

Valið á milli einfaldrar nútíðar (Present Simple) og samsettrar nútíðar (Present Progressive) veltur oft á sjónarmiði ræðumanns. Samsett nútíð lýsir þrengri tímasviði en einföld nútíð.

Einföld nútíð er notuð:

• þegar litið er á athöfn eða atburð sem varanlegan: Rob works for the city authorities.
• þegar litið er á athöfn eða atburð sem sígildan og óbundinn einhverjum tíma: The sun rises in the East. Water boils at 100 degress at sea level.
• þegar sagnirnar lýsa ástandi, tengslum eða skynjun sem hefur ekki upphaf né enda t.d. believe, contain, cost, detest, dislike, forgive, hear, know, own, remember, see, seem, smell, sound, taste, think, want, understand.

Samsett nútíð er notuð:

• þegar litið er á ástand eða atburð sem tímabundin eða skammvinn: Rob is working for the city authorities.
• þegar verið er að lýsa einhverju um leið og það gerist: Look, there's Sally! She's getting on the bus. - Where is Fred? He's doing his homework in the living room.
• þegar verið er að lýsa einhverju sem er bundið nútíðinni, en þarf þó ekki að vera að gerast á því augnabliki: What are you doing these days? I am building a boat.

©1998 Sævar Hilbertsson
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Síðast uppfærð 13.02.2003